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https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2025.20018

Specific features of mitochondrial biogenesis of monocytes during differentiation into macrophages

[Reviews]
Artur Sergeevich Tatevosyan; Sergey Alekseenko; Ilya Bykov; Vladimir Leonidovich Medvedev; Zorik Omarov Katani; Alexey Vadimovich Bunyakin; Natusya Barova; Ashkhen Albertovna Rafaelyan;

The item offers a view of the analysis of the orientation of mitochondrial metabolic processes with manifestations at both the biochemical and clinical levels, which allowed separating them based on the fundamental predominance of exo- or endothermic reactions. During that, the functional features of M1–Mφ and M2–Mφ macrophages were taken into account, which feature some typical differences in the direction as well as in the rate of thermodynamic and electrochemical processes promoted by mitochondrial biogenesis. As far as thermodynamic and electrochemical changes in the mitochondrial life cycle are concerned, there were four functional states identified, which include two reverse transitions (the first is F-I F-IV, and the second is F-II F-III), during which coupled changes between the velocity of electron movement along the respiratory chain and a change in the direction of the thermal potential occur in the inner membrane thickness. The dominance of the 1st reverse transition comes along with an exothermic process, against which macrophages get differentiated into M1–Mφ phenotypes. The dominance of the 2nd reverse transition is accompanied by an endothermi process that differentiates macrophages into M2–Mφ phenotypes, which is essential in employing the sanogenetic potential of the inflammation coming from the activity of macrophages.

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Keywords: еnergy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism, monocytes, macrophages