• Main page
• About the journal
• Editorial board
• Subscription
• Information for contributors
• Editorial and Peer Review
• Issues archive
• Authors
• Articles
  • By alphabet
  • By category
• Blogs and comments

The journal is included into The list of leading scientific periodicals.

The journal is included into VINITI database and is registered in Electronic scientific library.

The journal is indexed by SCOPUS, Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory.

EBSCO

https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2025.20088

The link among autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune thyroiditis and stomach cancer: a literature review

[Reviews]
Alexander Anatolyevich Zakharenko; Mikhail Alekseevich Belyaev; Sergey Vladimirovich Lapin; Kirill Nikolaevich Vovin; Daria Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova; Eva Dmitrievna Alshevskaya; Anna Alekseevna Svechkova; Vladimir Dmitrievich Nazarov;

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) with atrophy of the gastric mucosa and fundus is an independent risk factor behind cancer and neuroendocrine stomach tumors. Its procancerogenic potential increases significantly in case of current or past H. pylori infection, possibly related to the molecular mimicry mechanism. AIG is often associated with other autoimmune diseases (e. g. thyroiditis). Gastric cancer associated with it often features the following: localization in the body/bottom of the stomach; neuroendocrine component; high MSI and TMB incidence, which may determine a slightly better prognosis. Serological markers (antibodies to parietal cells and internal factor) are important for early detection of AIG. Patients with AIG, especially with pernicious anemia, require regular endoscopic follow-up for timely identification of neoplasia.

Download

References:
1. Smyth E. C., Nilsson M., Grabsch H. I., van Grieken N. C., Lordick F. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020;(396):635-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31288-5
2. Ilic M., Ilic I. Epidemiology of stomach cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2022;28(12):1187-1203. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i12.1187
3. Salvatori S., Marafini I., Laudisi F., Monteleone G., Stolfi C. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: pathogenetic mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(3):2895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032895
4. Khomyakov V. M., Yermoshina A. D., Pirogov S. S., Ryabov A. B. Stomach cancer risk factors: the modern concept. Rossijskij zhurnal gastroe`nterologii, gepatologii i koloproktologii. – Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2017;27(6):78-86. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-6-78-86
5. Wei Q., Wang Z., Liu X., Liang H., Chen L. Association between Gastric Cancer and 12 Autoimmune Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization. Genes. 2023;14(10):1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101844
6. Rustgi S. D., Bijlani P., Shah S. C. Autoimmune gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2021;31(14):17562848211038771. https://doi.org/10.1177/17562848211038771
7. Kovacheva-Slavova M. D., Angelov T. D., Valkov H. Ya., Iliev H. I., Vladimirov B. G. Current view on autoimmune gastritis. Gastritis. New approaches and treatments. Intech. Open. 2019;23;13(5):635. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87006
8. Li Y., Li J., Meng M., Duan S., Shi H. [et al.]. Development and validation of a radiomics nomogram for liver metastases originating from gastric and colorectal cancer. Diagnostics. 2023;13(18):2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182937
9. Livzan M. A., Gaus O. V., Mozgovoj S. I., Polyakova V. V., Embutnieks Yu. V. [et al.]. Chronic autoimmune gastritis: risk factors, clinical manifestations and diagnostic principles. E`ffektivnaya farmakoterapiya. – Effective pharmacotherapy. 2021;179(39):66-73. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2021-17-39-66-73
10. Yu Y. F., Tong K. K., Shangguan X. L., Yang X. Y., Wu J. Y. [et al.]. Research status and hotspots of autoimmune gastritis: A bibliometric analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2023;29(42):5781-5799. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i42.5781
11. Tonegato M., Panozzo M. P., Antico A., Bizzaro N. Improving the diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis: from parietal cell antibodies to H+/K+ ATPaseAntibodies. Diagnostics. 2024;(14):1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14161721
12. Boutzios G., Koukoulioti E., Goules A. V., Kalliakmanis I., Giovannopoulos I. [et al.]. Hashimoto thyroiditis, anti-parietal cell antibodies: associations with autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Frontiers in Endocrynology. 2022;22(13):860880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.860880
13. Mahmud N., Stashek K., Katona B. W., Tondon R., Shroff S. G. [et al.]. The incidence of neoplasia in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis: a renewed call for surveillance. Annals of Gastroenterology. 2019;2019;(36)1-6. https://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2018.0325
14. Vavallo M., Cingolani S., Cozza G., Schiavone F. P., Dottori L. [et al.]. Autoimmune gastritis and hypochlorhydria: known concepts from a new perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25(13):6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136818
15. Janiczek-Polewska M., Szylberg L., Malicki J., Marszałek A. Role of interleukins and new perspectives in mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Biomedicines. 2022;10(7):1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071600
16. Troilo A., Grassi A., Petrone L., Cianchi F., Benagiano M. [et al.]. Intrinsic factor recognition promotes T helper 17/T helper 1 autoimmune gastric inflammation in patients with pernicious anemia. Oncotarget. 2019;10:2921-2929. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.26874
17. Bockerstett K. A., Osaki L. H., Petersen C. P., Cai C. W., Wong C. F. [et al.]. Interleukin-17A promotes parietal cell atrophy by inducing apoptosis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Gepatology. 2018;5(4):678-690.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.012
18. Saito M., Morioka M., Izumiyama K., Mori A., Kondo T. Autoimmune gastritis with progression of leukemic nonnodal mantle cell lymphoma. Cureos Journal of Medical Science. 2021;13(6):e15762. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15762
19. Thrysoe M., Parkner T., Tankisi H., Nyengaard J. R., Vestergaard E. T. [et al.]. Biochemical use of neurofilament light polypeptide and vitamin B12 in relation to diabetic polyneuropathy in Danish adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Journals. 2025;15(3):e085749. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085749
20. Fossmark R., Johannessen R., Qvigstad G., Mjones P. Gastric signet ring cell carcinomas and ECL-Cell neuroendocrine tumours have a common origin. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(4):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040470
21. Kishikawa H., Nakamura K., Ojiro K., Katayama T., Arahata K. [et al.]. Relevance of pepsinogen, gastrin, and endoscopic atrophy in the diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):4202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07947-1
22. Dilahhi E., Dottori L., Pivetta G., Dalla Bella M., Esposito G. [et al.]. Incidence and predictors of gastric neoplastic lesions in corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis: A single-center cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2023;118(12):2157-2165. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.000000000000232
23. Kriķe P., Appel M. S., Shums Z., Poļaka I., Kojalo I. [et al.]. Autoimmune gastritis serological biomarkers in gastric cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2024;33(1):29-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000826
24. Rugge M., Bricca L., Guzzinati S., Sacchi D., Pizzi M. [et al.]. Autoimmune gastritis: Long-term natural history in native Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. BMJ Journals. 2023;72(1):30-38. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327827
25. Kiryukhin A. P., Tertychnyy A. S., Pavlov P. V., Fedorenko A. A., Nagornaya D. P. [et al.]. Autoimmune gastritis: focus on endoscopic and morphological characteristics. Rossijskij zhurnal gastroe`nterologii, gepatologii i koloproktologii. – Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2024;34(1):58-69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376- 2024-34-1-58-69
26. Arai J., Niikura R., Hayakawa Y., Suzuki N., Hirata Y. [et al.]. Clinicopathological features of gastric cancer with autoimmune gastritis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(4):884. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040884
27. Weise F., Vieth M., Reinhold D., Haybaeck J., Goni E. [et al.]. Gastric cancer in autoimmune gastritis: A case-control study from the German centers of the star project on gastric cancer research. UEG Journal. 2020;8(2):175-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640619891580
28. Angerilli V., Vanoli A., Celin G., Ceccon C., Gasparello J. [et al.]. Gastric carcinoma in autoimmune gastritis: a histopathologic and molecular study. Modern Pathology. 2024;37(6):100491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100491
29. Dilaghi E., Dottori L., Pivetta G., Esposito G., Ligato I. [et al.]. Incidence and predictors of gastric neoplastic lesions in corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis: a single-center cohort study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2023;118(12):2157-2165. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002327
30. Smith J. P., Nadella S., Osborne N. Gastrin and gastric cancer. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Gepatology. 2017;(4):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.004
31. Bi B., Deng G. F., Duan Y. M., Huang Z. J., Chen X. Y. [et al.]. Retrospective analysis of risk factors for distant metastasis of early-onset gastric cancer during the perioperative period. Frontiers in Oncology. 2023;13:1003977. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1003977
32. Lahner E., Capasso M., Carabotti M., Annibale B. Incidence of cancer (other than gastric cancer) in pernicious anaemia: A systematic review with meta-analysis. 2018;50(8):780-786. Digestive and Liver Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.05.012
33. Song M., Camargo M. C., Katki H. A., Weinstein S. J., Mannisto S. [et al.]. Association of antiparietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies with risk of gastric cancer. 2022;8(2):268-274. JAMA Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5395
34. Hoft S. G., Noto C. N., DiPaolo R. J. Two distinct etiologies of gastric cancer: infection and autoimmunity. 2021;26;(9):752346. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.752346
35. Li N., Wu P., Shen Y., Yang C., Zhang L. [et al.]. Predictions of mortality related to four major cancers in China, 2020 to 2030. Cancer Communications. 2021;41(5):404-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12143
36. Chronic gastritis induced by infection follows a stepwise progression of disease culminating in gastric cancer, originally described as the Correa Cascade. Correa, 1988.
37. Saenz J. B., Vargas N., Mills J. C. Tropism for spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia allows helicobacter pylori to expand its intragastric niche. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):160-174.e7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.050
38. Salvatori S., Marafini I., Laudisi F., Monteleone G., Stolfi C. Helicobacter pylori and Gastric cancer: pathogenetic mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(3):2895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032895
39. Privitera G., Williams J. J., De Salvo C. The Importance of Th2 immune responses in mediating the progression of gastritis-associated metaplasia to gastric cancer. Cancers. 2024;16(3):522. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16030522
40. Talayev V. Y., Svetlova M. V., Zaichenko I. E., Voronina E. V., Babaykina O. N. [et al.]. Cytokine Profile of CCR6+ T-helpers isolated from the blood of patients with peptic ulcer associated with helicobacter pylori infection. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. – Modern Technologies in Medicine. 2021;12(3):33-39. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2020.12.3.04
41. Harmantepe A. T., Ozdemir K., Bayhan Z., Kocer B. The underestimated impact of Hashimoto thyroiditis on thyroid papillary carcinoma. Springer Nature Link. 2024;76(3):1085-1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-024-01854-y
42. Ihara T., Ihara N., Kushima R. Autoimmune gastritis with along-term course of type B gastritis: a report of two cases. Internal Medicine. 2023;62(6):855-863. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.0195-22
43. Etchegaray-Morales I., Jimenez-Herrera E. A., Mendoza-Pinto C., Rojas-Villarraga A., Macias-Diaz S. [et al.]. H. pylori and its association with autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome. Journal of Translational Autoimmunity. 2021;14(4):100135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100135
44. Rugge M., Bricca L., Guzzinati S. Autoimmune gastritis: long-term natural history in naive Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. BMJ Journals. 2023;72(1):30-38. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327827
45. Ishihara R., Arima M., Iizuka T., Oyama T., Kato M. [et al.]. Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society Guidelines Committee of ESD/EMR for esophageal cancer. Endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines for esophageal cancer. Dig. Endosc. 2020;32(4):452-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13654
46. Yue H., Shan L., Bin L. The significance of OLGA and OLGIM staging systems in the risk assessment of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Springer Nature Link. 2018;21(4):579-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-018-0812-3
47. Isakov V. Autoimmune gastritis studies and gastric cancer: True renaissance or bibliometric illusion. World J. Gastroenterol. 2024;30(32):3783-3790. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i32.3783
48. Wang L., Cao Z. M., Zhang L. L., Dai X. C., Liu Z. J. [et al.]. Helicobacter pylori and autoimmune diseases: involving multiple systems. Sec. Microbiol. Immunology. 2022;10(13):833424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833424
49. Massironi S., Zilli A., Elvevi A., Invernizzi P. The changing face of chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: an updated comprehensive perspective. Autoimmunity. 2019;18(3):215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.08.011
50. Mathieu S., Briend M., Abner E., Couture C., Li Z. [et al.]. Genetic association and Mendelian randomization for hypothyroidism highlight immune molecular mechanisms. Science. 2022;25(9):104992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104992
51. Gu Z., Pan L., Tan H., Wang X., Wang J. [et al.]. Gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and lipids related to blood glucose control and type 1 diabetes. 2024;16(10):70021. Journal of Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70021
52. Virili C., Fallahi P., Antonelli A., Benvenga S., Centanni M. Gut microbiota and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Reviews in endocrine and metabolic disorders. 2018;19(4):293-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-018-9467-y
53. Benites-Zapata V. A., Ignacio-Cconchoy F. L., Ulloque-Badaracco J. R., Hernandez-Bustamante E. A., Alarcon-Braga E.A. [et al.]. Vitamin B12 levels in thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Endocrinol. 2023;22;(14):1070592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1070592
54. Rustgi S. D., Bijlani P., Shah S. C. Autoimmune gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management. Frontiers. 2021;5(14):175. https://doi.org/10.1177/17562848211038771
55. Lebbink C. A., Links T. P., Czarniecka A., Dias R. P., Elisei R. [et al.]. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of pediatric thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. European Thyroid Journal. 2022;29;11(6):e220146. https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0146
56. Mahmoudzadeh S. H., Heidari Z., Jahantigh M., Narouei M. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and Ki-67 genes in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in the patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gene, Cell and Tissue. 2016;3(4);1341. https://doi.org/10.17795/gct-41341
57. Zhang T., Qiao J., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Wang J [et al.]. Causal link between hypothyroidism and gastric cancer risk: insights gained through multivariable Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis. Front. Endocrinol. 2024;15(2):1388608. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1388608
58. Cuan-Baltazar Y., Soto-Vega E. Microorganisms associated to thyroid autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020;19(9):102614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102614

Keywords: autoimmune gastritis, stomach cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, Helicobacter pylori, gastric mucosa atrophy, neuroendocrine tumors, thyrogastric syndrome