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https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2025.20077

Characteristics of the external muscles of the eyeball in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis

[Morphology]
Lyubov Vasilievna Belykh; Lev Mikhailovich Zheleznov; Alexandr Korobkeev;

The extraocular muscles of 34 eyeballs and orbits of fetuses aged 16–23 weeks of human ontogenesis were examined in three age periods: I – 16–18 weeks, II – 19–21 weeks, and III – 22–23 weeks. By period III, the lateral rectus muscle becomes the widest muscle; the medial rectus – the longest, and the inferior rectus – the thickest. The oblique muscles have smaller thickness and width values relative to the rectus muscles. The increase in all indices is more pronounced from period I to period II for the medial, superior and inferior rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscles. For the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles, the increase in thickness and width occurs mainly from period II to period III. The volume of the extraocular muscles increases more rapidly than the volume of the orbits, especially toward the end of the studied period of ontogenesis.

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Keywords: fetus, extraocular muscles, anatomy, intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis